The story of Prophet Musa from Islamic perspective and archelogy
All Muslims and people from Abrahamic faiths have heard of Prophet Musa(AS).
The other two faiths are :
l Christianity
l Judaism
He is called as Moses in the Bible.
In Jewish source she is called Moshe. In Aramaic he is called Musha.
The Quran being proved right again. The name is after ‘Pharaoh's daughter draws him out of water’.
“She named him Moshe, saying, ‘Because I drew him out of the water.’”
--Exodus 2:10.(Hebrew Bible).
The Quran mentions about a Prophet sent to the Jews about 135 times.
The Story of Prophet Musa(AS).
He was born in a time when the ruler of Egypt gave a command to kill all babies born to Children of Israel.
Why Pharoah gave this command to kill Children Of Israel?
The Pharaoh gave such a command because he saw dream.
According to Tabari :
Pharaoh was informed—through a dream and the interpretation of his astrologers—that his destruction would come at the hands of a child from the Children of Israel, which led him to order the killing of their sons.
And other Islamic commemorators:
Pharaoh saw a terrifying dream in which
a fire emerged from the direction of Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem / Palestine)
and spread across Egypt,
burning the palaces, houses, and cities of the Copts (Egyptians)
while leaving the dwellings of the Children of Israel untouched.
Magic in ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt circa 1350 BC, during the height of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, magic—known as heka—was not seen as supernatural or separate from religion and daily life. It was a fundamental cosmic force, personified as the god Heka, that enabled creation, maintained order (ma'at), and empowered gods, pharaohs, and humans alike. Heka existed "before duality had yet come into being," predating even the creator gods, and was the energy the creator (often Atum or Ra) used to form the universe. Unlike modern notions of magic as illusion or superstition, heka was a legitimate, divine power intertwined with speech (hu), understanding (sia), and ritual action.’
l Protective and Healing Magic — Heka was invoked for everyday needs: healing illnesses (often blending medicine and spells), fertility, protection from dangers like snakes or evil spirits, and prosperity. Physicians were "priests of Heka," using incantations alongside herbs.
l Rituals and Spells — Spoken or written words held immense power; reciting a spell could enact change via sympathetic magic (e.g., destroying a wax figure of an enemy to harm them). Lector priests performed temple rituals, while individuals used home spells.
l Amulets — Worn by the living or placed on mummies, these channeled heka. Common types included scarabs (rebirth, often heart scarabs inscribed with spells to protect the heart in judgment) and the Eye of Horus (wedjat, for wholeness and protection).
The court Magicians offer an explanation
A male child will be born among the Children of Israel through whom your kingdom will be destroyed, and power will be taken from you.
According to Ibn Kathir
A male child will be born among the Children of Israel who will overthrow your kingdom.
“Indeed, Pharaoh ˹arrogantly˺ elevated himself in the land and divided its people into ˹subservient˺ groups, one of which he persecuted, slaughtering their sons and keeping their women. He was truly one of the corruptors.”
-Al Quran ,Sura Qasas (28:4)
“But it was Our Will to favour those who were oppressed in the land, making them mode and to establish them in the land;
and through them show Pharaoh, Hamân, and their soldiers ˹the fulfillment of˺ what they feared.
Quran:Surah Qasas(6,7)
The Pharaoh kings ruled Egypt about 3000 years. This was fear of Pharaoh.
What is Pharoah ?
Is it a name or title?
Ancient Egypt history divided in two parts:
l Old Kingdom-(c. 2686–2181 BC) near Memphis. Not Tennessee but a city in Egypt.(near Cairo)
l New Kingdom(1550–1070 BC) -capital: Thebes(Near Luxor)
In Old Kingdoms absolute sovereign was called King.
(Continued)
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